Multichannel DME ranging system

ABSTRACT

A multichannel DME ranging circuit is described which is capable of simultaneous multistation operation. A microprocessor is coupled to control associated peripheral devices and the receiver/transmitter of a DME to produce a multiplexing for receiving frequency data input from up to three DME ground stations. The data received from each of the three DME stations is used to generate timing and interface signals to control the DME receiver/transmitter and associated video processing circuitry. The video processing circuitry is in turn used to provide signals to the ranging circuit to independently determine range, velocity, time-to-station, and the identity of each of the stations providing input to the DME. Each of the three channels is operated indpendently to produce a decoded identification of its respective ground station. The identity information can be obtained and monitored for each channel essentially simultaneously due to the fast cyclical time-multiplexed method of operation, relative to the slower identity coding scheme utilized in present distance measuring equipment.

CROSS-REFERENCE

Cross-reference is made to the commonly-owned U.S. Patent application entitled "DME Morse Code Identity Decoder", filed on even date herewith, Ser. No. 537,880.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to distance measuring equipment and more particularly to a multichannel distance measuring ranging circuit which allows monitoring of multiple DME ground stations.

Distance measuring equipment (DME) is well known in the art, and has been used extensively in commercial aircraft to provide range and velocity information to aircraft interrogating a ground station. Distance measuring equipment has been used in conjunction with VOR equipment to fix the position of an aircraft with respect to a known ground station in accordance with well-known principles. More particularly, the VOR equipment is used to determine the bearing of an aircraft with respect to a given ground station and the DME is used to fix the range of the aircraft from that same ground station. With the bearing and range of the station identified, the location of the aircraft with respect to the ground station can be determined.

While VOR and DME equipment has been used successfully to determine aircraft position, there are inherent inaccuracies produced by VOR equipment which reduces the accuracy of that determination. Modern digital techniques have been implemented in the DME devices, however, which have vastly improved the accuracy of that equipment. Accordingly, since it is known that the same position determination can be made with at least three DME's, it has been suggested that such DME's be used to provide aircraft position determinations rather than one DME and one VOR. It will be appreciated, however, that multiple DME's are expensive and take up aircraft space which might otherwise be used for other instrumentation. Accordingly, the use of a single DME to fix aircraft position is highly desirable in current commercial and private aircraft.

In the prior art, there have been attempts to obviate the need for multipIe DME's by multiplexing a single DME to obtain multichannel operation. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. RE 30,069 issued to Wayne Miller on Aug. 7, 1979, discloses a multiranging DME system which time multiplexes a DME between two channels which allows reception of multiple frequency inputs from two separate ground stations. While this technique expands the application of the DME to more than one ground station, the known technique primarily uses one channel to obtain distance and velocity information and the other channel to obtain distance information. As a result, aircraft position may still be ambiguous and another DME would be required to electronically resolve the ambiguity in aircraft position. In addition, the operation of the channels is not independent and is incapable of providing velocity and identity information for each of the selected ground stations.

Accordingly, the present invention has been developed to overcome the specific shortcomings of the above known techniques and to provide an improved DME ranging system capable of providing multichannel operation to provide accurate aircraft position and velocity determinations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, a single DME having transmit/receive circuitry is coupled to a microprocessor and appropriate peripheral devices to produce a time-multiplexed output enabling the interrogation of three DME ground stations. The interrogation of each of the three stations is electronically controlled such that each of the three channels may be operated independently to interrogate, process and provide output of the information associated with each DME ground station. During each multiplexing period, the transmitter is slewed to transmit at the appropriate ground station frequency to obtain return signals which are used to generate timing and interface signals to control the receiver/transmitter and associated video processing circuitry. The output of that video processing circuitry is used by the ranging circuit under microprocessor control to independently determine the range, velocity, time-to-station, and identity for each of the stations. During the time that one ground station is being interrogated, the data received from a previously interrogated ground station may be processed to produce a calculation of the desired information. Each of the multiplexed stations can alternately be in the same mode of operation, thereby providing the independent operation necessary for efficiently searching, tracking, and providing the outputs required to fix aircraft position with the DME. The system is also operated such that identity information which is transmitted by the ground stations can be detected and decoded to provide appropriate character identification representing the particular ground station. The system is implemented digitally under control of a microprocessor, thereby providing the increased speed and accuracy necessary for obtaining reliable range and velocity information for current high-speed aircraft.

It is therefore a feature of the invention to provide an improved DME ranging circuit for multistation operation.

It is a further feature of the invention to provide a multichannel DME ranging circuit of simplified construction and reduced complexity for providing more accurate aircraft position information.

Still another feature of the invention is to provide a multichannel DME system which is capable of providing multiple channel operation for independently determining range, velocity, time-to-station, and identity, for multiple ground stations.

Another feature of the invention is to provide a multichannel digital DME ranging circuit which is capable of providing improved station interrogation and acquisition for each of three ground stations.

Still another feature of the invention is to provide an improved DME ranging circuit which provides improved speed in searching and tracking the range of multiple ground stations.

Yet another feature of the invention is to provide a multichannel DME system which provides improved detection of station identification signals for Morse code identification decoding substantially simultaneously in an interleaved reception time-multiplexed fashion.

These and other advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the DME ranging circuit of the present invention for multiple channel operation.

FIG. 2 is a more detailed block diagram of the processor bus detail shown in FIG 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing the primary microprocessor control routine for use in connection with the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram representing a microprocessor interrupt routine used in connection with the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram representing the timing routine for proper tuning control.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a microprocessor identity decoding routine used in connection with the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a microprocessor update routine for distance and velocity measurements used in connection with the system of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 8a and 8b are flow diagrams showing the microprocessor search and track routines used to control the system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing a microprocessor routine for video processor control used in connection with the system of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As is known in the prior art, a typical DME system includes a transmitter which transmits a pulse pair spaced randomly to a selected ground station having an unknown distance from the aircraft. The pulse pair is received by the ground station and retransmitted to the aircraft following a fixed and known delay. The DME receiver then senses the returns to detect the retransmitted pulse pair and, by subtracting the inserted delay, can determine the transit time of the pulses. Once the transit time has been determined, the distance to the selected ground station can easily be determined with simple mathematical techniques. Normally, the aircraft generates pulse pairs at a repetition rate of 30 pairs per second or less with the spacing being random so that the pulse pair returns of one aircraft can be distinguished from the pulse pairs of other aircraft operating in the vicinity of the same ground stations, and thereby enable the detection of the true pulse pair returns.

While the above-described operation is typical of a single DME interrogating a single ground station, the present invention employs the same general techniques to implement multichannel operation. Accordingly, some of the same elements used in a single channel DME are used with the DME multichannel ranging circuit described herein. More particularly, referring to FIG. 1 wherein like numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout, a multichannel DME ranging circuit is shown coupled to control conventional DME elements in a unique manner to enable multichannel operation as is subsequently described.

As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional elements of a DME include an antenna coupled to a diplexer 114 which gates input from a transmitter 112 for transmission by the antenna to a ground station. The diplexer 114 also alternately gates returned signals retransmitted by the ground station to receiver detector 113, where the returned signals are processed to provide a detected video signal to a video processor 115. A modulator 110 provides trigger pulses spaced at predetermined intervals to gate the transmitter 112 for providing transmission of the pulse pairs through the antenna to the selected ground station. A stabilized master oscillator (SMO) 111 is coupled to the transmitter 112 to provide the carrier frequency associated with the particular ground station selected for interrogation. The stabilized master oscillator 111 may thus be tuned to different frequencies associated with different ground stations.

During flight, different ground stations may be interrogated, and in the case of the present invention, multiple ground stations may be interrogated simultaneously to obtain the desired range, velocity and identity information. The stabilized master oscillator 111 also provides a local oscillator output to receiver detector 113 to synchronize the receiver detector 113 with the transmitted frequency. Likewise, the receiver detector 113 receives input in the form of an analog voltage from the digital-to-analog converter 136 which is utilized to tune the receiver detector to the frequency of the selected ground station. The above elements are conventional and a further detailed explanation of their construction is unnecessary for an understanding of the present invention. However, the operation of those elements in the manner to be subsequently described in combination with the DME ranging circuit of the present invention, produces a multichannel system which provides the benefit of multiple independent channel processing of a plurality of DME ground stations with a single DME.

Referring still to FIG. 1, the DME ranging circuit of the present invention basically includes the primary components of a microprocessor 146, a random access memory 143, a read only memory 142, a digital-to-analog converter 136, and a universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) 138. The ranging circuit also includes input/output (I/O) ports 134 and 144, respectively, a counter 140, a tone generator 130, and the appropriate bus or data/address lines as are necessary for communication between each of the peripheral devices and the microprocessor 146. Generally, in order to set the frequencies of the multiple DME ground stations to be interrogated, serial input frequency data is provided from an external source such as a push-button panel or other input device as an asynchronous serial data stream to the UART 138. This serial data is translated into byte length characters by the UART 138 and the frequency of each selected station is stored in a designated memory location in RAM 143. All serial data which is continuously received by the UART 138 is transferred to the microprocessor 146 via interrupt lines. Likewise, control of the receiver/transmitter is exercised via a serial data transfer through I/O port 134 over lines 120- 122 (and strobe and clock pulses from 123 and 124, respectively) to the SMO 111 where the representation of the particularly selected frequency causes the master oscillator 111 to provide an output frequency equal to that frequency represented by the data selected from RAM 143. Also, the same data is provided via the D/A converter 136 to tune the receiver detector 113 and gate the modulator 110 (over line 120) trigger pulses to key the transmitter 112. All of this is performed for multichannel operation under the control of appropriate software through microprocessor 146.

Generally, the software causes a given sequence of events to be performed. Specifically, the serial input data word representing the frequency of a first channel (A) is provided as a data output from random access memory 143 over data line 122 to the SMO 111. At the same time, the microprocessor 146 causes the D/A converter 136 to be loaded with a digital word corresponding to the voltage necessary to tune the receiver detector 113 to the channel A frequency represented by the value stored for that frequency in RAM 143. After an appropriate delay (typically 4 ms) to allow the SMO 111 to be slewed to the appropriate frequency, the modulator 110 through I/O port 134, is gated over line 120 with trigger pulses spaced either 12 or 36 uS apart to key the DME transmitter. It should be understood, that while reference herein will be made to a pulse or pulses, such terminology refers to the gating of pulse pairs as is typically used in a DME. Accordingly, all reference to pulse will include and should be construed to include pulse pairs which are randomly spaced to allow detection of the signals for a particular aircraft as was previously described.

In the particular embodiment, during the time that the SMO 111 is slewing to the selected frequency of one channel, the results of the interrogation of another channel (previously interrogated) may be processed by the microprocessor 146. After the lapse of the delay and the gating of the modulator 110, the transmitter 112 transmits the appropriate pulses to the ground station at the selected frequency, causing the generation of return or reply signals from the ground station, which are received by the antenna and through diplexer 114 by receiver detector 113. These replies are processed by the video processor 115 and made available to the DME ranging circuit for a predetermined time period (typically 6 ms) over line 129. During the time that the transmitter 112 is transmitting the selected frequency, the microprocessor 146 causes an output on line 121 to diplexer 114 which may be used to suppress other pulse equipments on board the aircraft to prevent receipt of extraneous pulses by receiver detector 113 during the operation time of the DME. The above sequence of operations for channel A is repeated for each of two other channels, B and C, under the control of the microprocessor 146 to produce the multiplexing of three channels to obtain the DME ranging velocity and identifing information.

Although the construction and operation of the system will be described in more detail below, a brief description of the operation will enhance an understanding of that detailed construction. Accordingly, the following explanation regarding the particular modes of operation for each channel will be made with reference to one channel only, it being understood that the same operation occurs for each channel. Specifically, following the output of the trigger pulse from modulator 110 in response to the signal on line 120, a 16-bit counter 140 clocked at a 6 MHz rate through input 141 is enabled by microprocessor 146 through I/O port 134. Each time a video reply is received, the counter state is latched and stored in memory. When the counter state equals approximately 6 ms (corresponding to completion of the 6 ms period previously referred to in connection with the video decoder providing replies to the ranging circuit) the latch and store mode is discontinued. Subsequently, after the output of new frequency data to the SMO 111 signifying that the oscillator is being used to interrogate another ground station, processing of the stored data begins. The data stored in the above sequence is used to determine the presence of identity replies as will be detailed below and to provide ranging and relative velocity with respect to the DME ground station. Identity spacing is detected by sequentially subtracting from the counter value associated with each reply the value associated with each of the two previous replies. Each of these subtractions which results in a remainder equivalent to 740 or 1480 ms is counted. If the number counted during two sample periods is ten or more, an audio tone from tone generator 130 is gated by AND gate 131, 132 or 133, respectively, to the external audio output for one of the channels A, B or C. The tone will remain enabled until the next two cycles in which less than ten subtractions meet the spacing criteria. The separate audio outputs for each of the channels allows completely independent operation of each channel.

Ranging information is derived by processing the reply information in one of three modes (i.e., search, pretrack and track). In the search mode, a list of replies stored during each of the previous two cycles are compared. If a value from each of the two lists corresponds, this value is stored in the memory location for range and the status of the circuit advances to the pretrack mode. In the pretrack mode, the most recent reply list is compared to the stored range value in memory, and each time a coincidence is detected, a search/track counter is incremented. Alternatively, each time no coincidence is detected, the same counter is decremented. If the counter reaches a lower value, the status of the ranging circuit is reset to search and the previous sequence is repeated. If the counter reaches an upper value, the status is advanced to the track mode. In the track mode, the reply list and the search/track counter are used similarly as in the pretrack mode with the exception that the attainment of the upper counter value is used to reset a ten second timer whose terminal state will reset the status of the ranging circuit to the search mode. The system is operated and controlled by the microprocessor 146 such that range and velocity information are not considered valid unless the ranging circuit is in the track mode.

In the pretrack and track mode, the value of the result of the video list comparison is applied to a digital servo loop to allow updating of the stored range and derivation of the relative velocity. The servo loop is a conventional Type II digital servo loop with four different loop parameter values. These four loop parameters are selected based on the average value of the distance error (as computed during the compare cycle) to permit the velocity output to have a time constant varying between 5 and 45 seconds. This permits rapid build-up of indicated velocity following the station acquisition and very stable non-varying velocity output when the final output is reached. Also, during the track mode, the reply information is used to continually search for reply coincidence which indicates a range closer than that stored in the range register, using logic similar to that used for the search and pretrack modes. Detection of such a coincidence would indicate that the range being tracked is an echo and would force the channel back into the search mode.

The mode status of each channel is used to determine the interrogation frequency of the DME. In the search and pretrack modes, the channel is interrogated each time the SMO 111 and receiver detector 113 are tuned to its associated frequency. This typically occurs at a rate of approximately 28 times per second. In the track mode, the interrogation frequency is reduced to one-fourth, although the scanning rate remains the same. This allows all three channels to be active without exceeding a maximum interrogation rate of 30 Hz. The cycles not associated with the interrogation are used solely for purposes of determining identity pulse presence. The 28 Hz sampling rate thus allows detection of Morse code dots whose duration is at least 50 ms.

A fourth mode, known as the "no squitter" mode, is also operative in the DME ranging circuit. This mode is commanded by the microprocessor 146 when no replies are being received, and causes all interrogation for that particular channel to be halted. Each of the three channels is operated such that each has independent storage locations for its associated frequency, range, velocity, status, counters and timer, thereby making each channel operate completely independent of the others. Thus, one of the channels may be operating in the search mode while another of the channels is in the track mode and still another of the channels is in the no squitter mode. Likewise, each of the channels may also be in the same mode without affecting the operation of the other channels.

Referring now to FIG. 2 there is shown a more detailed block diagram of the I/O ports and range processor constructed in accordance with the present invention. The I/O and range processor provide the control for all of the DME functions, and in particular provide the transmit gate to the transmitter modulator 110, control the input to the SMO 111, provide the tuning voltage to the receiver detector 113, calculate range, velocity, and time-to-station, decode the Morse code identity, accept either serial or parallel tuning inputs, and provide outputs of range, velocity, time-to-station, and identity for use by a pilot.

Referring first to the transmitter modulator gate and suppression functions of the range processor, the processor generates interrogation pulse pairs (P1 and P2) which are used to trigger the transmitter 112. These transmitted pulses will, upon receipt by DME ground stations, stimulate a response which will in turn be received by the DME for use in determining range to that station for the particular channel being employed. The pulse pair gates are 7 uS duration TTL level pulses having a spacing of 12-36 uS for X and Y modes of operation, respectively. The rate at which these pulses are generated is a function of the status of each of the individual channels. For example, if no frequency has been selected for a particular channel and provided as input to the UART 138, or if a squitter has been received from the ground station, the interrogation rate will be zero. Alternatively, when the channel is in the search status, the rate will increase to 28 Hz per channel. Finally, the repetition rate of the pulses will reduce to approximtely 7 Hz when the system has acquired a track status. Assuming that any individual channel will be searching for no more than 5% of the time, the average interrogation rate of the transmitter should not exceed 30 Hz.

For a period of time slightly preceeding the leading edge of pulse P1 and slightly following the trailing edge of P2, an internal suppression pulse is generated. This pulse is used internally by the receiver and diplexer over line 48 and is buffered at 230 to provide a high level output which is available at an external connector to suppress other pulsed equipments. The suppression buffer circuit 230 is configured such that it will also accept the suppression output from other on-board equipment to provide an internal signal to suppress the receiver when other pulsed equipment is operating.

In order to provide ranging information for up to three ground stations, it is necessary that the transmitter and receiver detector frequencies be alternated between each of the selected frequencies. These frequencies are alternated at a rate of approximately 84 Hz to allow a receiver sampling rate of 28 Hz per channel. In operation, one of the channels is selected for interrogation in accordance with the previously described procedure. At the conclusion of that interrogation cycle (or after receipt of the reply during that cycle) the next channel is selected by the microprocessor 146 and that channel provides repetitive pulse outputs in a manner similar to the first channel. Likewise, after the conclusion of an interrogation cycle for the second cycle, the third channel is selected by the microprocessor 146 to provide its interrogation pulses. In each case, a 19-bit serial word corresponding to the frequency of the selected channel is sent to the SMO 11 and an 8-bit word is parallel loaded to the D/A converter 248 to produce the analog voltage necessary to tune the receiver detector 113. Following the output of these two control signals, the processor 146 delays approximately 4 ms to allow slewing of the SMO 111 to the new frequency before interrogation or detection of the video occurs.

The range is computed through the interaction of the video processor 115 and the microprocessor 146 and a 16-bit timer 224, 226 as more particularly shown in FIG. 2. The computation of range is accomplished by starting the timer and enabling the video processor interrupt following transmittal of the P1/P2 pulses in response to keying by the modulator 110. Each subsequently received pulse pair which is decoded by the video processor 115 latches the instantaneous value of the counter and sends an interrupt signal to the microprocessor 146. The microprocessor 146 reads the timer value and stores it in a data acquisition table (DAT) for each listen period which occurs for approximately 6 ms following each interrogation.

At the conclusion of a receiving (listen) period, the microprocessor 146 will perform one of two alternative tasks. If the DME ground station selected has previously been correlated, the internal status within the microprocessor 146 will reflect that the processor 146 should be in the track mode and the processor 146 will track the range with a Type II digital servo loop. If correlation of the returns has not been accomplished, the processor 146 will use the data from the DAT in an attempt to find correlation in the search mode. In the search mode, the DAT information from the current receiving period is compared with the DAT from the previous receiving period. If two nearly equal distances are found in each of the lists, the distance is stored and the mode changed to pretrack where the stored distance is compared to the DAT. The number of interrogations resulting in a successful comparison are then counted, and if sufficient correlation exists, the mode status is changed to track. Alternatively, if sufficient correlation is not found, the mode status again reverts to search and the process continues in the manner described above.

In the track mode, the DAT is compared with the stored distance and if a correlation exists, the distance from the DAT is subtracted from the stored value to determine the error distance. The error distance is then used by a servo loop to update the stored distance. Since the servo loop is a Type II loop (i.e., velocity error is zero for a constant velocity) aircraft groundspeed with respect to the station is one of the loop products and time to/from the station can be calculated by dividing range by velocity. This calculation is made by the microprocessor 146 software as will be described in greater detail below.

The microprocessor 146 also uses the DAT to determine when the ground station is transmitting identity characters. Identity is determined by comparing adjacent times in the DAT and determining whether the time difference is equal to or a submultiple of the reciprocal of 1350 Hz. In the event that a sufficient number of identity intervals are detected in the lists, a bit is set internally to the microprocessor 146 for use by the identity character recognition software and externally to gate an audio tone at one of the AND gates 131, 132, or 133. If after an interrogation and receiving cycle, a sufficient number of identity intervals were not obtained, the bits are reset and the tone turned off for that channel. Internally, the microprocessor 146 uses this identity bit to determine the Morse code dot-dash patterns and converts the dot-dash patterns to ASCII codes corresponding to each character, which are stored for output to the pilot. Again, a more detailed description of the software controlling this process will be provided below.

The system may be operated by having the frequency selection provided by operation of 2×5 parallel inputs or a BCD serial input. The inputs are provided at data input ports 234 and 232. The system operates such that channel A may be controlled by the 2×5 input if the serial/parallel line is left open. In the event that the serial data to any channel is not present for a period of time in excess of one second, the frequency will be set invalid. The BCD serial data inputs are received by a differential line receiver which in turn drives the receiver input of the UART 218. The UART 218 provides an interrupt signal to the processor 146 after eight bits of data, exclusive of stop, start, and parity. The processor 146 continues to store each received byte until a complete word (four data bytes plus label and status bytes) has been received. Upon receipt of a complete word, the processor 146 examines the label to determine if the information is DME frequency. In the event that the word is a DME frequency, the processor 146 will use the source/destination identifier to determine which channel is to be tuned, and converts the BCD frequency data to the 19-bit code discussed previously to drive the SMO 111 and to an 8-bit code previously referred to representative of the voltage required to tune the receiver detector 113 to the desired frequency. When commanded, the 2×5 tuning lines are sampled and the 2×5 code converted to the words necessary to tune the same SMO 111 and receiver detector 113.

Outputs from the DME include six wire serial distance, analog voltage, flag, two audio outputs, and two wire serial data output. The six wire distance data is generated from two 64-bit shift registers 244. Prior to the generation of the data, the shift registers 244 are loaded by the processor 146 with bit patterns representative of the sync pulse and of the required data. Upon command of the processor 146, the data of these shift registers are allowed to be clocked by a 25 kHz signal which is a multiple of the 12.5 kHz clock provided as the external clock output. The analog distance output is generated by a 12-bit D/A converter 248 under control of the processor 146. This converter shares usage as the receiver tuning/voltage generator and thus must be multiplexed to provide both of these functions. The output has a scale factor which provides a maximum output up to 250 miles, in this embodiment. The data appearing at the six wire serial, analog, audio, and flag outputs, may correspond to the data in either channel A or channel B depending on the logic level input to the data output port 246. If the input is left open, the channel A data is used. If the input is grounded, the channel B data is used. In either event, the audio 1 output will be channel A audio. Likewise, the two wire data words are frequency/distance, velocity/time-to-station, and identity. Each of the three channels will generate this data and will set the appropriate bits of the source/destination identifier.

Operation of the system as described above is controlled by software programmed in the microprocessor 146. The program code is executed by the central processing unit to provide the necessary interrogation signals, acquire data generated by a ground station, and process the data received from a ground station to derive ranging and identification information. The UART 218 interfaces the CPU to a 12.5 kHz I/O bus to receive tuning information from a frequency control and to transmit distance, ground speed, time-to-station, frequency and identity information to the external indicators for pilot observation as is known in the art.

Identity information is recognized by a recurring interval spacing in the data. An enable signal is generated by the CPU to one of the audio gating circuits each time identity is received to simulate the Morse code station identifier. Thereafter, the dot-dash Morse code patterns are processed to produce the ASCII characters corresponding to the audio station identifier. The information derived from the DME ground station data is converted to required formats and sent out through the UART 218 to the external indicators. Time-to-station information is calculated by a software division of the stored distance and velocity. The distance is multiplied by a constant to convert the raw data into a binary form, while velocity and time-to-station are also multiplied by selective constants and further converted to a BCD format in software.

All channels of the multichannel DME have a status register containing information on the X/Y mode of transmisson, and on one of the four states of the DME ranging processor (no squitter, search, pretrack, track) in which the channel is operating. When activated, the status register is tested to determine whether to interrogate and collect data, or simply to listen to the ground station. Channels are initialized to the no squitter state such that a listen is performed if a signal is available. The CPU looks to see if data is being placed in the data acquisition table as a verification that squitter is available, and if so, increments the channel status to begin the search/track process.

Interrogation signals consisting of the P1/P2 pulse pair and a suppression pulse are sent by the CPU during operation in all of the remaining states. While in the search or pretrack modes, transmissions occur with each pass through the interrogation sequence. In the track mode, a cycle counter is tested and transmissions occur only during selected passes of the sequence. During a no-transmit sequence, a listen is done for station identification. The X/Y bit of the status register causes P1/P2 signals to be sent out in the X mode (7 ms pulse width, 12 ms pulse spacings) or the Y mode (7 ms pulse width, 36 ms pulse spacings). The X/Y signal, generated during the tuning of the DME, relays this mode information to the video processor through input/output port 228 to accept and process X mode pulses (12 ms spacings) or Y mode pulses (36 ms spacings). Data received by the CPU may consist of squitter, identify, and/or the actual reply to the interrogation. When received, data is stored in the DAT on an interrupt basis while the CPU executes other tasks. Each time the video processor decodes a video signal, it instructs the CPU to read and store the state of the distance counter in the DAT. The distance counter is initialized following the P1/P2 transmission so that the counter values in the DAT can be directly converted to distance data. The DAT is defined as the current list of data which is eventually moved to the proper channel data table for testing. A search is performed for ground station replies by comparing newly acquired current lists and transferred lists to find a value common to both. The common value is then determined by subtraction to locate two values within ±0.5 nautical mile of one another. The common value is then stored in the distance memory and the microprocessor 146 initiated to the pretrack mode.

In the pretrack mode, the distance memory is compared with each new DAT. A memory counter for the channel keeps track of the number of successful/unsuccessful comparisons by incrementing the memory counter with each valid comparison and decrementing the counter with each invalid comparison, as previously described. When an adequate number of comparisons has been made, the signal is tracked. Alternatively, when the adequate number is not obtained, the signal resorts to search mode.

During tracking, the pretrack procedure is continued. This procedure will provide a channel reset after 10 seconds if replies are not received. In addition to the list comparing, the Type II servo loop is initiated to provide a window in which the reply signals must occur for the channel to remain in the track mode and to provide a ground speed value stable enough for display.

Identity information is sent from the ground station at a 1350 Hz rate. At this time, the data in the DAT are uniformly spaced to signify reception of identity by the DME. When the recurring intervals are detected, an audio enable signal gates a tone generator to drive the audio circuit through one of the AND gates 131, 132 or 133 as a function of the respective channel. This gating provides an audio simulation of the dots and dashes of the Morse code identifier which are also stored in an identity memory register and later converted to ASCII characters by use of a look-up table in the ROM 222. Loss of the identity signal for approximately one to one-and-a-half minutes will cause a channel reset. All of the data are converted to usable formats before being sent out to the external indicators for pilot observation. A two-byte software multiplication by selected constants converts distance, velocity, and time-to-station data into binary form while velocity and time-to-station are further converted to BCD data. After completion of the data conversions, it is stored in an output list ready for transmission and sent to the external indicator via the UART 218 in 6-byte blocks containing either frequency and distance, identity, or velocity/time-to-station information. Communication between the CPU and the UART 218 is provided by an interrupt line which signals the CPU at the completion of transmitting each byte of the block. After each interrupt, the CPU loads a byte of data into the UART, which in turn sends out the data in a serial fashion at a 12.5 Hz rate. The block contains data type label, actual data, and control bits inserted by the UART. One block of the data takes approximately 5.2 ms to be transferred from the CPU to the UART 218 and thence to the external indicators.

In addition to the two-wire serial data, the processor 146 converts the distance word for channel A to a 12-bit word which is provided to the D/A converter with a scale factor. It also converts the range data from the selected channel to BCD and serial loads this data along with the appropriate label and control bits into shift register 244 for output in a 6-wire set format. Input tuning data may be received from either of two sources. One of the sources of two-wire serial input which is received by the same UART 218 is used for data transmission. The UART 218 receiver interrupts the processor 146 after each byte of data is received to allow loading and storage by the processor 146. A special break detect indication is available from the UART 218 when the sync byte is received, thus allowing the processor 146 to determine the byte sequence. Alternatively, the second input tuning source is in 2×5 parallel data. Eleven parallel input lines are read periodically by the processor 146 and the 2×5 code converted to data which is needed to tune the SMO 111 and receiver detector 113. In the event that both serial and parallel data are present, the serial data has precedence over the parallel data.

The software program consists of a primary routine and several interrupt routines. The primary routine which is shown in FIG. 3 initializes all memory elements upon power up, calculates and stores data for output, and reads the 2×5 parallel tuning lines as shown in FIG. 4. The interrupt routines consist of the timer routine of FIG. 5, which includes the identity decode subroutine of FIG. 6, the update routine of FIG. 7, and the search/track routine of FIGS. 8, 8a , and 8b; and the video processor interrupt routine of FIG. 9. The timer interrupt programs of FIG. 5 are entered by timer overflow interrupts. The timer software provides for interrogation control and performs those tasks which must be accomplished during each interrogate or listen cycle. The video processor routine shown in FIG. 9 allows interruption of the processor 146 to read the timer each time a valid pulse pair is decoded, and thus loads the data acquisition table. The UART routine, not shown, is a commonly used UART routine as is known in the art and provides the vehicle for loading/storing data to/from the UART 218.

Referring now to FIG. 3, the primary routine is entered from the microprocessor 146 reset input. After establishing initial conditions 311, the program reads the data cycle register 312 to determine which channel and which data are to be loaded for the next output. If the serial data registers are empty 314, indicating the previous data has been transmitted, it performs the computation necessary 315 to load the next word. If the channel for which data is being loaded is the channel selected by the data output port 316, 317, six-wire data is loaded to the six-wire data shift register 318, 320 and the D/A distance word calculated and loaded to the D/A converter for transmission to the D/A converter 248. At this point, a determination of track mode (identity information to be determined) is made, 324. The appropriate calculation and storage is made, 325, or 326, 327, 329, and the 2×5 routine of FIG. 4 is called, 330, 332. Upon completion of data output for one of the channels, the 2×5 input lines are sampled to determine selected frequency. A self-test subroutine capability is also included and shown as blocks 334, 336 and 228 after return from the 2×5 routine of FIG. 4. The program then cycles to the next channel and repeats the calculations in a manner shown by the flow diagram of FIG. 3.

Referring now to FIG. 4, the 2×5 tuning routine (parallel tuning routine) consists of the call-out for the 2×5 subroutine 410, thereafter the 2×5 tuning input is read, 412, and the data obtained is compared with the current parallel register 414. If the same, the software routine goes directly to move the new 2×5 data to the past parallel register 422 and thence return to the primary data output routine of FIG. 3. Otherwise, the data is then compared to that contained in the past parallel register 416 and if dissimilar, the 2×5 tuning routine is exited as above. If the same, the data is tested for all logic "1"s, 418.

If so, the hold bit in the status register is set, 420, and the control is returned to the primary data routine of FIG. 3. If not, the parallel change bit is set in the selected channel frequency status register 419 and the new 2×5 data is moved to the active parallel data register 421, the old active parallel data is moved into the past parallel register 422 and the subroutine is exited 424 to return to FIG. 3 block 334.

The timer routine shown in FIG. 5 consists of two subroutines which are executed on alternate interrupts 511, 512 from the timer. On even number interrupts, the processor programs the timer for an 8-ms interval (sequence 0) 513. It then determines which of the three channels is selected for this period 515 and once the channel has been selected, the frequency status register is examined 517, 519 to determine whether a frequency change has been received. If a change has occurred, new SMO 111 and receiver detector 113 control words are calculated 521, 523 and stored. If no change has occurred, an interrogate or listen cycle is started 529, after which the Type II update 538, identity decode 539, and start UART transmit subroutines are executed, unless the channel is not in the track mode 533. On odd number interrupts, a pseudo-random delay is calculated 514, the timer is programmed for a 4.2 ms interval 516, the SMO 111 and receiver detector 113 programmed for the next sequence 518, set channel address pointer 520, sample-and-store AGC and signal presence voltages 522, output next channel frequency 524, 526, output next channel AGC and signal presence voltage 528, search "current data list" for identity cycle spacing and the search/track and update subroutines as shown in the flow diagrams of FIGS. 7 and 8, performed 530, 532. The video processor interrupt as shown in FIG. 9 is enabled during the sequence of the timer routine, allowing compilation of the DAT.

The UART interrupt is enabled at all times except during the period when the interrogation pulses are being generated and while video interrupts are in process. Interrupts are generated by the UART whenever the receiver buffer is full, the transmit buffer is empty, and the transmitter is enabled. The UART transmitter is enabled during the sequence of the timer routine and is disabled following completion of the message by the UART routine. During the message transmission, the processor is interrupted each time the transmit buffer is empty, and the UART routine loads the next byte of data. If the interrupt was caused by the receiver buffer being full, the processor reads the receiver byte and stores it in memory. If the byte of the receiver was the sync byte, the routine causes the received data to be resynchronized.

From the detailed flow diagrams of FIGS. 4-9, it is apparent that the appropriate processing to accomplish the above functions may easily be implemented using conventional programming techniques. However, a more detailed discussion of the DME Morse code identifying subroutine and control as set forth in FIG. 6 will now be described. The program shown in FIG. 6 uses information already available from the microprocessor based ranging circuit shown in FIG. 1 to determine the identity characters 611. The information required for this calculation consists of periodic samples of DME ground station replies taken at not greater than 40 ms intervals for durations of not less than 5 ms. The reply information is stored in a digital form corresponding to the relative time received by the DME. At the conclusion of a sampling period, each reply time is subtracted from each of the next two subsequent reply times. Each difference which is equal to 740 or 1480 ms (1/1350 Hz or 2/1350 Hz) is counted. If the total count for the previous two samples is approximately 40% of the total number expected during an identity period, the sample is considered to be an identity period sample 612. The result of the identity detection sequence is stored by rotating the logic level representing the result (1 equals identity, 0 equals not-identity) into a 9-bit shift register with the oldest sample discarded. The content of the register then becomes the basis for the subsequent decoding.

The software routine which decodes the characters requires 13-byte wide storage locations in addition to the register mentioned above. These 13 locations consist of a character counter which keeps track of which of the up to four characters of the identifier is being processed, a current character register which maintains a record of the dots and dashes of the character being currently revised, a four-byte character register which contains the ASCII equivalent of the characters decoded during the most recent identification cycle, a four-byte register containing the result of either the previous identifier or the validated identifier, one second end-of-word timer, and a no-identity timer which has a period of 1.5 minutes.

Referring again to FIG. 6, the routine operates generally as described below. If the last bit is zero, indicating no ID 612, the previous seven bits are compared to see if they are numeral 1, 614, and if so, the current character register is rotated, 616, to add a dash to the register and thence return, 618. If not, the previous two bits are compared to the numeral 1, 617, and if so the current character register adds a 1 (dot) to the register 619 and thence return, 618. If not, the routine tests the previous six bits are equal to zero, 620. If not, the routine proceeds to return 618. If yes, the current character register is read, 622, and tested to determine if it contains dots or dashes, 624. If so, the Morse code is converted to ASCII code 630 and the appropriate stored ID character based on the ID character counter register 632 is selected and compared with the current character register, with the character counter register 634. If they are the same 636, the character validity bit equals valid is set and the character compare bit is reset, 644. Additionally, the ID timer register is reset 628 and thence to return 618. However, if not, the character compare bit is tested 638 to determine if set. If it is set, the new character is loaded to current character register with validity set not valid 642. Otherwise, the character compare bit is set, 640, thence through the ID timer register 628 to return 618.

If the current character register does not contain dots or dashes 624, the ID word timer register is incremented 625 and timing checked 626 to direct return to 618 or if so, to reset the ID character compare register 627 thence through the ID timer register 628 to return 618.

Each time a compare is made with a recorded character of the sequence, the no identified timer is reset. If no reset is received within 1.5 minutes, the timer will reach its terminal state and reset all of the past character registers to invalid. The data generated by the identity decoder routine of FIG. 6 is provided as output via the DME serial output but to an external indicator.

This method for decoding identity information utilizes the pluarality of cyclical discrete periods of reception for a time-multiplexed DME receiver as described herein in an interleaved and cooperative manner to decode the identity information for each of the one, two, or three DME transmitting stations essentially simultaneously. During cycle A, for example, a pulse received from DME ground transmitter A is registered and a timing sequence in response to the registering is initiated wherein the sequence has a specified time-out. If during that period or a subsequent period for channel A, a second received pulse from the same transmitter is substantially coincident with the specified time-out, a hit is indicated and stored. The number of hits obtained during each discrete period are summed with the number of hits obtained in the immediately-subsequent discrete period designated for the same transmitter. Thereafter, an identity segment is indicated as a direct function of the total of the summed hits exceeding a predetermined threshold for each of the discrete periods; and monitoring the number and relationships of those discrete periods having an identity segment indicated facilitates decoding the identity information.

This process is additionally conducted, in preferred embodiments, by registering a plurality of pulses from the same transmitter received at different times during the same discrete period, and initiating a timing sequence having a specified time-out for each of the registered pulses, and indicating a hit for each subsequent pulse substantially coincident with the specified time-out for any of the pulses previously registered within the same discrete period.

In addition to registering a plurality of pulses with a first specified timing sequence, a plurality of specified time-outs for each timing sequence initiated, with each time-out having a different duration wherein each of the plurality of time-outs is related to the shortest time-out for that sequence by an integer multiplier, and indicating a hit for each subsequent pulse substantially coincident with any of the plurality of specified time-outs for each of the registered pulses. This technique enables a much more rapid data acquisition and channel confirmation technique, particularly in adverse electromagnetic propagation conditions where one or more signals may be lost or obscured by static.

Referring now to FIG. 7, the Type I update subroutine is entered 710 from the timing routine in FIG. 5, 532. The Type I update (FIG. 7) first determines whether there was a distance compare, 711, and if not returns to the timing routine of FIG. 5. If there was a distance compare, however, a difference is determined from the distance register and the current distance stored, 714, divided by sixteen, 716, and added to the distance register. The time constant bits of the interrupt status 718 are read and the difference is multiplied by one, two, four, or sixteen, depending on the value of the time constant bits 720. The multiplied difference is added to the velocity 722 and the multiplied difference is added to the error accumulator 724. The error is then compared to a predetermined factor X for determination whether the time constant should be advanced to the next faster time constant 734, or to the next slower time constant 730, and the error accumulator and time constant timer are reset 736 with the appropriate values and returns 738 to the timing routine of FIG. 5.

Referring now to FIG. 8, the search track routine is entered 810 from the timing routine of FIG. 5, 530. The interrogate status register is read 811 to determine if that particular channel is in the no squitter mode 812. If it is, the signal present voltage is tested to determine if video signal is present, 814, and if so, the status of the interrogate status register is set to "search" 815, and thence to return 828.

If not in the no squitter mode, a determination is made if the channel is in the search mode, 816. If so, the current data acquisition table is compared with the past data acquisition table 818 and if there is a valid compare 820, the correlated distance is moved into the distance register 822 and the interrogate status register is set to "pretrack" 824. The current data acquisition table is moved to the past data acquisition table location 826, thence to return 828. If a valid compare is not obtained, 820, the current DAT is moved to past DAT thence to return 828.

Alternatively, if the interrogate status register is not in no squitter mode 812 nor in search mode 816, the echo monitor is interrogated (referring to FIG. 8a) 830 to determine if that monitor is in the search mode.

The portion of the subroutine shown in FIG. 8a comprising blocks 832, 834, 836, 838, 840 and 842 determine whether the distance search track register should be incremented 834 or decremented 836, and thence proceed to FIG. 8b after the correlated distance to the echo monitor distance is set to the echo mode status. The echo monitor routine comprising blocks 850 and 852 determines whether the echo monitor search track counter register is incremented 856 or decremented 854 and proceeds through the echo monitor search track counter subprogram to determine if an echo is currently being tracked. If the echo monitor distance is reater than seven, 862, the program is returned to move the current DAT to past DAT 838, thence through the same portion of the subroutine causing an increment 844 or decrement 846 in the distance search track counter registers. If the echo monitor distance is less than the distance tracked, 866, then the interrogate status, timers, and velocity are all reset 864 and thence returned to the timing program of FIG. 5.

In any case where the past DAT is replaced with the current DAT, 838, and the distance search track counter register is incremented or decremented, the subroutine moves to that shown in FIG. 8b to determine if the mode is pretrack 870. In FIG. 8b, in the pretrack mode 870, the search track counter is examined 871 and if greater than seven, the memory counter register is reset 872, and the search track counter is reset to four, 876, thence to return 888 to FIG. 5. If the search track counter is equal to or less than seven, 871, then the memory counter register is incremented 873 and timing is tested to determine if the memory counter register is ten seconds 874. If not, the search track counter is tested to determine if zero 875 and thence to return 888.

If the counter register 874 is ten seconds, then the interrogate status, timers, and velocity are reset 877 to allow the circuitry and program to confirm the proper station, distance, and other information by once again proceeding through the search, pretrack, and track modes; thence to return 888.

If the system is in pretrack mode 870, and the search track counter is determined to be greater than seven, 880, then the interrogate status register is set to "track" and the search track counter is set to four, 886, thence to return 888. Alternatively, if the search track counter is less than or equal to seven, 880, the search track counter is tested to determine if equal to zero, 884. If not, the program immediately returns 888; if so, the interrogate status, timers, and velocity registers are reset 884, thence to return 888.

It can be seen from the above description that the software implementation is relatively straightforward and is of a nature that can be implemented in a variety of ways to obtain the same result.

Referring now to FIG. 9, the video interrupt routine is entered 910 upon receipt of the appropriate signal from the video processor 115 in FIG. 1, and the timer upper and lower bytes are read 912, and stored in the next consecutive address location of the data acquisition table 914, the current DAT pointer is advanced 916, and the number of replies is tested to determine if greater than twenty-four, 918. If so, the video processor interrupts are masked from further initiating the video interrupt routine of FIG. 9, 920, thence return the microprocessor to the main program operation, 922. If the number of replies is less than or equal to twenty-four, 918, the subroutine returns directly to the master program 922.

The procedure described herein enables a DME apparatus to identify and monitor at least three distance measuring equipment ground stations at a frequency sufficient to obtain distance information decoded from each of the stations on a repetitive basis sufficiently rapid to obtain two valid distance information decodes in 100 milliseconds, thus enabling a direct comparison to validate the information. Additionally, the frequency of cyclical operation is low enough to obtain valid distance return information at a range of at least 300 nautical miles, in consideration of the time required for returns to the DME. Thus, although more channels could be simultaneously monitored utilizing the present method, the primary advantage of obtaining a triangulated position and other information, is offset against the necessary time required to obtain valid return from the DME ground stations at distances of 300 miles or more.

The computer program content listing is appended hereto as Appendix A1, in compliance with 35 USC 112. The appendix is specifically directed to software specifications utilized in the operation of the exemplary embodiment described in detail in this application.

As will be apparent from the above description, the described system provides a multichannel DME ranging circuit and multichannel DME system which is capable of receiving DME ranging information from three channels. The same system is capable of easily recognizing and identifying the Morse code dot/dash patterns of the particularly selected ground station for each of the three channels. In accordance with this operation, the ranging information may be used to provide a fix on the position of an aircraft without the use of conventional VOR circuits and with improved accuracy due to the digitally implemented DME system. Operation of the system under the control of the microprocessor enables fast response times and additionally provides accuracy indications of velocity, time-to-station, and identity information. All of these enable more versatile use of a DME and more efficient usage of aircraft space and instrumentation. All of these are advantages and features which are not recognized or taught by the prior art.

While the invention has been described with reference to particular digital circuits and programming, it is apparent that other circuits and techniques may be utilized to implement the functions described. It is therefore to be understood that many obvious variations and modifications may be made in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. ##SPC1## 

I claim:
 1. An apparatus for identifying at least three distance-measuring equipment ground stations substantially simultaneously and for decoding distance information from each of said stations, in rapid cyclical sequence, comprising:a. means for detecting first, second, and third pulsed signals from said ground stations, respectively, in sequence and in a cyclical manner, wherein said pulsed signals contain coded identifying information individual to each ground station and have a first timing characteristic, and distance information having a second timing characteristic substantially shorter than said first timing characteristic; and b. means for operating said means for detecting, and coupled thereto, at a cyclical frequency approximately an order of magnitude faster than said first timing characteristic, and for maintaining each cyclical period at least long enough to obtain valid distance information, on the order of said second timing characteristic, at least once for each of said stations in each cyclical period.
 2. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said means for detecting further comprises a programmable variable frequency receiver.
 3. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said means for operating further comprises a programmable stabilized master oscillator.
 4. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said means for operating further comprises means for individual automatic gain control for each of said stations in cooperation with said means for detecting and coupled thereto.
 5. An apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said means for operating further comprises means for sampling, storing, and subsequently asserting a signal presence indication for each of said stations, one after the other, in cooperation with said means for detecting and coupled thereto.
 6. An apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising means for decoding said identifying information, substantially simultaneously, in a coordinated manner in response to said means for operating, for each of said stations independent of the others.
 7. An apparatus as in claim 1 further comprising means for calculating said distance information, in a coordinated periodic manner in response to said means for operating, for each of said stations, independently of the others. 